In parts of Africa, loyalty to one’s ethnic group or clan leading to conflict is described as:

• A. Nationalism
• B. Imperialism
• C. Tribalism
• D. Communism

Answer: (C)

The main idea here is tribalism: a strong loyalty to one’s ethnic group or clan that can fuel competition and conflict with other groups. When people’s identities are tied to a specific tribe, political power, resources, or security often become organized around that group, and disputes can escalate along ethnic lines. This differs from nationalism, which centers loyalty to a nation as a whole rather than to a single ethnic group; imperialism, which is about extending control over other lands; and communism, which is an economic-political ideology focused on class and ownership rather than ethnic affiliations.